Analyzing Abortion Essay - 4822 Words

Analyzing Abortion In 1973, Roe versus Wade instigated an ongoing debate in the United States concerning the implementation of abortion (Rubin 1). Prior to Roe, abortion was illegal, however it was practiced. In 1846, a few blocks south of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village, Madame Restell performed illegal abortions to â€Å"cure† female irregularities, or pregnancies (Rubin 1). After Restell, a group called â€Å"Jane†, also known as the Abortion Counseling Service of the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, performed more than 11,000 illegal abortions from 1969-73 in Chicago alone (Horst 1). Though the Court decision lawfully settled the argument, the abortion issue developed further creating a substantial amount of turmoil between the opposing†¦show more content†¦As of 1997, 49 countries, including many industrialized European countries, have abortion legislations similar to the United States (Henshaw et al. 58). The abortion debate is controversial because it predominantly centers on society’s religious and moral beliefs. Religion is the leading variable of individuals opposing legalized abortion in the United States (Kelley). Furthermore, Kristin Luker believes that the moral positions of activists on both sides of the abortion issue reflect their individual worldviews on sexuality, family life, technology and the importance of the individual; however, the pro-choice and pro-life movements are not effective in changing people’s moral beliefs on abortion (Luker). The key issue our candidate must address is the federal government’s participation in funding state sponsored sex education programs and greater coverage of abortion costs. The public’s stance on abortion has remained relatively stable since the Roe decision. Fifty six percent of the general public feels that abortion should be legal in certain circumstances such as rape, incest or health complications. Overall, pro-life advocates’ views on abortion tend to be congruent across the board. Ninety eight percent of abortion opponents feel it is morally wrong in all circumstances (Scott). However, the pro-choice movement is more fragmented in its opinions. Twenty-seven percent of pro-choice people support abortion even though they believe it is morallyShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to the 5th century, and nowadays it cuts through all religious denomination causing divide and discord in people’s religious stand against or for it. The 1760 BCE has shown the earliest written records about abortion in which fines were levied against the perpetrators of these crimes. The fines against this crime have been accounted in the Code of Hammurabi. In 515- 500 BCE, the Chinese wrote a note thatRead MoreAbortions Should Not Be Legal1216 Words   |  5 PagesWhen abortions were illegal, thousands of women died. Until the mid 1800s, abortions were legal and available in the United States. Both State and church permitted abortion if they occurred before quickening when the mother first perceived fetal movement. In 1847, the newly formed medical association began a campaign to professionalize medicines. Legislation restricting abortions continued to spread, and by the turn of the century, both, birth control pills, a nd abortions were illegal in mostRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken By Gwendolyn Brooks980 Words   |  4 PagesFor my analysis I chose to look at two poems where the authors transform the readers into the speakers. I will be analyzing â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and â€Å"the mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both of these poems show decisions made on the speakers part and how the reader can relate to the speakers feelings about their decisions. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† opens with a man in the woods, looking down two equally worn paths. It is a reflection on his part. This incident happened in the past and yearsRead MoreEssay on Building a Case against Abortion1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen considered attempted murder. Why, then, is abortion considered acceptable? Today, we will address the alternatives to abortion and the abundance of medical and biblical evidence that proves abortion to be unnecessary and cruel (â€Å"When Does A Human Life Begin?†). There are many types of abortions, but they are all intended to create one result, death. For instance, a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol, the most common type of abortion pill, is designed to kill a fetus before the ninthRead MoreAbortion - the Wrong of Abortion 1706 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is one of the most controversial topics of all times. The definition most people associate with abortion is the termination of unwanted pregnancy. In their essay, â€Å"The Wrong of Abortion†, Patrick Lee and Robert P. George argue that intentional abortion is unjust and therefore objectively immoral no matter the circumstances. Also, they argue that â€Å"the burden of carrying the baby is significantly less than the harm the baby would suffer by being killed; the mother and father have a specialRead MoreNeosporosis : An Infectious Disease1102 Words   |  5 Pagesneosporosis has become a serious disease for dogs and cattle worldwide (a review). Today, neosporosis is one of the leading causes of bovine abortions in the United States, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. These three countries have reported high incidence rates of reproductive failure in the dairy industry due to neosporosis, with the most common being abortions and neonatal mortality (usda). Data gathered from these three countries has indicated that 20% of all aborted fetuses sent the diagnosticRead MoreWomen s Rights By Judith Jarvis Thomson s A Defense Of Abortion1614 Words   |  7 Pageswomen’s rights entail? For instance, should abortion be considered one of the select inalienable rights for women? This topic of human rights, specifically that of pregnant women, is discussed in Judith Jarvis Thomson’s â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†. In this defense, Thomson makes her claim â€Å"While I do argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that it is always permissible† (655 Perry). In other words Thomson has come to the co nclusion that abortion may only be permissible under certain circumstancesRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Screening On Children984 Words   |  4 Pagesfetus, including analyzing a sample of amniotic fluid or testing a few cells from the placenta. Various genetic disorders are tested for, such as mental retardation, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs. Once informed of a fetus’ potential defects, the parents can then decide to either carry the fetus to full term or terminate the pregnancy. As with any situation concerning a human life, this has produced ethical issues. For those who believe prenatal screening followed by abortion is acceptable considerRead MoreAbortion- Is It a Moral or an Immoral Choice? Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle is Abortion is a Moral Choice by Henry Morgentaler. This article upholds womens rights to abortion in the belief that it reduces the number of unwanted children and also reduces the number of adult criminals that suffer from childhood neglect or parental abuse. The title of the second article is Abortion is Immoral by John Paul II. This article objects abortion in the belief that it is a crime which kills an innocent human being and also against all Christian belief that abortion could beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1575 Words   |  7 Pageswas a 21-year-old junior at Harvard when her birth control failed and she had an abortion. ‘It allowed me to choose when to become a mother,’ she said. ‘As a mother now, I know I was correct at 21†¦ I didn’t have a college degree†¦ I didn’t have an income. I didn’t have a marriage. I didn’t have anything a child needs. And I didn’t want it† (Liptak, 2016). Brenneman, among the 24% of women who will undergo an abortion during their lifetime by the age of 45, chose the best decision for herself at that

The Controversy over the Discoveries of Galileo Galilei...

Galileo Galilei, born February 15th 1564 in the town of Pisa, a man who played a significant role in the Scientific Revolution, he was a man of many talents as he was not only an artist, astronomer and engineer he was also a philosopher, mathematician and physicist to name a few. One of his most outstanding improvements were those made to the telescope, although Galileo’s observations, made using the telescope, would be one that would arouse much attention and create a great controversy. Galileo the eldest of six children was born in Pisa in 1564, several years later his family moved to Florence, he was then educated under the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa a town southeast of Florence. As a young man he continued his studies†¦show more content†¦Following the trial of the Holy Office of Rome, Galileo was ardently suspected of heresy and placed under house arrest restricted by the Pope. Although most individuals believe that the Roman Catholic Church to be at fault, there are several factors which led the Church to act during this controversy. One of the largest factors which led the Roman Catholic Church to affront Galileo’s proposition of the heliocentric system of the universe was simply due to ignorance. Until this point the geocentric system of the universe had been so widely accepted, that another discovery was believed to be false. This was mostly due to the lack of evidence on the side of the heliocentric system. The Church could prove that the universe was geocentric with the interpretation of the Bible; however, this is yet again where the Church falters. The Bible â€Å"is a book of poems and songs, not a book of instructions or history†; therefore the Church should not have based their proof solely in The Holy Scripture. Although the Church was at fault for ignorance, so was Galileo, he failed to demonstrate any sort of empirical proof that the earth was not at the center of the universe, rather he continued to propose and theory without sufficient proof. One of his greatest supporters was Pope UrbanShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Scientific Revolution1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen based strictly around faith and not scientific reasoning. The founders of the revolution took a leap of faith into an unknown realm of science and experimentation. Four of the many brilliant founders of the Scientific Revolution; Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Brahe, used previous scientific principles and their own genius to make advances in science that are still being used today. Scientific pamphlets, the telescope, observations of the universe and the creation of laws for planetary motionRead MoreGeocentric Model Of The Galaxy1683 Words   |  7 Pageschastised for it. Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist, eng ineer, philosopher, and mathematician. When Galileo published his book, The Dialogue, which regarded the positioning of the solar system, the Church believed it was less hypothetical than they expected it to be, which proved to be problematic. The clash between Galileo and the Church can be defined as the difference between Galileo’s belief in heliocentricity, the Church’s belief in geocentricity, and the trial between Galileo and the ChurchRead MoreEssay about Possibility of Life on Other Planets1203 Words   |  5 Pagesuniverse has these building blocks and the proper atmosphere it is very probable that intelligent life has the chance to form and develop. For centuries scientific discoveries and religion have clashed, especially discoveries that shape the foundations of our universe.   In the early 1600’s Italian mathematician and astronomer Galileo Galilei testified to the Roman Catholic inquisition that the Copernican model of the Solar System was correct and that the Aristotle model the church followed was incorrectRead MoreGalileo Galilei was one of the most influential scientists of the Renaissance period. He was a1800 Words   |  8 PagesGalileo Galilei was one of the most influential scientists of the Renaissance period. He was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, a philosopher. He integrated the independent sciences of math and physics, and unified them. The popular view of the world, due to the Church overall power, at the time was Aristotles theory that the the universe was geocentric or that the Earth was at the center of the universe.. Galileo went against that common belief and declared to the world that the Earth is notRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Was Not An Organized Effort1276 Words   |  6 PagesEppur si muove, (but it does move) said Galileo Galilei. (Koyre 1943) The scientific revolution marks a decisive break between the middle ages and the modern world, but it was rooted in earlier developments. It’s the link between observation, experiment, and invention. The scientific revolution was not an organized effort; theories sometimes led to a dead end and discoveries were often accidental. The scientific revolution left a permanent imprint upon history and from its legacy developed theRead MoreEssay about The Influence of Religion on Scientific Advancement1737 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific discovery; however, there is also evidence that scientific progression has been aided by religious ideology. By examining both the negative and positive roles religion has played in history, modern times, and the overall area of morality, one can determine the true extent to whi ch faith hinders scientific advancement. The Catholic Inquisitions exemplify one area in which religion has impeded scientific advancement, particularly in reference to the trials of Galileo Galilei. During theRead MoreGalileo Galilei, Astronomer/Mathematician5105 Words   |  21 PagesGalileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (Pisa, February 15, 1564 Ââ€" Arcetri, January 8, 1642), was a Tuscan astronomer, philosopher, and physicist who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. His achievements include improving the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first law of motion, and supporting Copernicanism effectively. He has been referred to as the father of modern astronomy, as the father of modern physics, and as father of science. His experimental workRead MoreHistory of Europe Essays1242 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation. People were intrigued by new developments not only in other groups and cultures but also in exploration, technology, goods, information on religion and other governments. Others, such as church leaders, weren’t fond of the new ideas and discoveries made by the philosophers of that particular time period. Changes in the Early Modern Era affected the attitudes of Petrarch and Luther because new ideas, such as humanism and secularism, ch anged the way people viewed education and religion. FrancescoRead MoreBiography Of Nicolaus Copernicus s Discovery Of Heliocentrism Transformed Astronomy1940 Words   |  8 Pagesthinkers and scientists discovered new theories, such as gravitational physics laws and other opinions written in books. Nicolaus Copernicus’s discovery of heliocentrism transformed astronomy, his writings changed the people’s perspective of the universe further challenging the Catholic Church’s beliefs. Before Copernicus, people made scientific discoveries such as Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE), had already identified the sun as the central unit of the solar system, but his ideas were quicklyRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The World War II1145 Words   |  5 Pagesinitial developments, the 17th Century saw the emergence of modern physics under Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and Isaac Newton developed his physical laws in the 18th Century. The development of Avogadro’s Principle by chemist Avogadro also distinguished the atom and molecule. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) further developed the period system of various elements further expanding the concept of the atom . The discovery of the x-ray by William Roentgen, a German professor further expanded the concept

Relationship Between Hospitality Tourism -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Relationship Between The Hospitality Job And Tourism Industry? What Are Basic Needs Of The Hospitality Job And Tourism Industry? Which Aspects Are Considered Priority In A Job? What Requirements Are To Be Considered While The Selection Of A Job? Answers: Introduction This research program has been initiated with a motive to analyze the relationship between the hospitality jobs and tourism industry. HT industry is creating a huge impact on the economy of the world. Hospitality and tourism industry is engaged in the creation of the job opportunities which has enhanced the economic condition of the nations. There are various aspects attached to the hospitality jobs and tourism industry. Knowledge management is an important element which acts as a competitive tool for every organization (Kim, et. al., 2008). Another important element for the hospitality and tourism industry is training and development. Training contributes to the knowledge and skills which enhances the performance of the individual. Information technology, business administration, and management also play a vital role in the hospitality and tourism industry. Quality of the services need to be considered and for maintaining the quality of the service, one working in the Hospitality an d tourism industry must be polite and humble (Wang Wang, 2010). This research will discuss the different aspects related to the research topic and data related to these aspects will be assembled with the use of different research methods or approaches. The focus will be on presenting quality data for the purpose of enhancing the knowledge. Project Objective The motive behind the execution of this research program is to enhance the knowledge regarding the relationship between hospitality jobs and tourism industry. This research has focused on explaining the importance of the hospitality and tourism industry in the dynamic business environment. The objective is to explore and appraise the core relationship between the potential of both the aspects. The analysis will be done of the impact of these aspects and their relationship on the world economy. Project Scope Different guidelines have been considered for defining the scope of the project. The focus of this research program will be on developing knowledge regarding the manner in which hospitality jobs and tourism are linked with each other. Impact of the relationship between both the aspects can be seen on the growth of the society and nation. Literature review Hospitality and tourism industry is crucial for every nation which contributes to the economy of the nation. Numerous job opportunities are being offered by the Hospitality and tourism industry which has helped in the development of the economy. There are various aspects which play a vital role in hospitality and tourism industry. These aspects include knowledge management, experiences and training and importance of applying knowledge and barriers acting as a challenge while applying knowledge (Bell, 2009). Knowledge is an essential element which acts as an important asset for the HT industry. Knowledge enhances the competitiveness of the organization by contributing to the performance of the human resource. Knowledge management helps in the recognizing, imprisonment and transmission of the opportunities available to the industry. Benchmarks are being set by the hospitality industry for the measurement of the performance of the human resource. Performance of the human resource acts as a competitive advantage and helps in dealing with the increasing level of competition (Maghzi, et. al., 2011). Information technology, business administration, and management are also crucial for the hospitality and tourism industry. Information technology has resulted in the replacement of the human resource with the machines. This has affected the job opportunities for the people adversely. For working in the hospitality and tourism industry, individual needs to be polite and humble. Politeness and humbleness of the service providers enhance the satisfaction level of the customers and contributes to the quality of the service. Training and experience gained by the individual prepare it for the better opportunities (Abbasi, et. al., 2010). Research Questions/Hypothesis Research questions have been constructed so as to provide a base for the data assembling process. Research questions will guide the efforts of the researcher in the right direction and meet the objectives of the research. Research questions for this research program are stated below: Justification This research has been initiated with an objective to gain knowledge of the relationship between the hospitality jobs and tourism. This research program will ensure that the objectives of the research are attained. Selection of the research methods have been made as per the requirement of the research. Importance of the hospitality and tourism industry is increasing as it contribute towards the economy of the country. Knowledge will be developed regarding the various aspects which provides opportunity or act as threats. Research Design and Methodology Research methodology discusses the different methods or approaches which are being used for the accumulation of the required data. Numerous methods or approaches are present which can be applied for the assembling of the required data. Quality of the data affects the quality of the research program. The motive behind the execution of this research program is to assemble data regarding the relationship between the hospitality jobs and tourism. The hospitality industry is contributing towards the development of the economy. Hospitality and tourism industry is an important aspect of the world economy. Knowledge management, the importance of knowledge management, experiences and training and barriers to the application of the knowledge are the key aspects and data has to be collected regarding these aspects in relation to hospitality and tourism industry. Qualitative research Qualitative research method has been chosen for the accumulation of data for this research program. In the qualitative research method, exploratory research design will be applied. For the purpose of gaining clarity regarding the different aspects of the research program, this research design is used (Acaps, 2012). This research design will help in providing a clear view of the issues related to the research topic in a better manner (Saunders, 2011). Qualitative data will be assembled with the help of primary and secondary sources. Qualitative research method will ensure the accumulation of quality data for the research. Approaches to reliability and Validity Sampling method: A sampling method has been chosen for the analysis of the data in an effective manner. Data collected will be in large quantity and time available for the analysis of the data is less. For overcoming these limitations, random sampling approach has been chosen. Random sampling technique is an effective approach which ensures the selection of the sample in a fair manner by providing equal opportunity to every sample of the population (Ibrahim Al-Omari, 2014). Random sampling will ensure that the samples are selected in a fair manner and the quality of the research not getting affected. Sample size: primary data will be accumulated with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire will be provided to 20 respondents who are working in the hospitality and tourism industry. This data will help in the collection of primary data. Secondary data will be accumulated with the help of internet sources such as websites, articles, journals and other internet sources. Data collection method Data assembling is an important aspect of every research on which quality the research is based on. Information will be accumulated with the use of primary and secondary methods. Primary and secondary data will be accumulated for fulfilling the need of data of the research. Specific information will be assembled regarding the research program for meeting the objectives of the research. Information will be accumulated with the help of internet sources such as websites, journals, articles and research works (Gorard, 2013). Information gathered with the help of these sources helps in developing knowledge regarding the research topic. Data has to be collected for the analysis of the relationship shared between the hospitality jobs and tourism. The analysis will be done on the contribution of the hospitality and tourism industry to the world economy Primary data source: Primary source helps in the collection of the raw form of data which is specifically collected for the research work (Kuada, 2012). The researcher collects primary data with the help of questionnaire, interviews or observations. Primary is a less reliable form of data as the data may get affected due to the biasedness or judgment of the individuals providing the data (Turkenburg McAuley, 2013). Secondary data source: Secondary source helps in the collection of the second-hand data which is collected by other researchers for their research work and used by the researcher. This data is not specifically collected but forms a base for the reliability of the research program. Ethical considerations: ethical aspects are an essential part of every research work. Research has to be conducted by considering ethical aspects. Ethical considerations help in conducting the research by adopting a fair approach and not harming the interest of any individual. Ethical aspects will have been considered for this research program are confidentiality, unbiasedness, and integrity. Quantitative research Quantitative research is used for the purpose of accumulation of the numerical data for related to the research topic. This research technique is used for assembling numerical data regarding the relationship between hospitality jobs and tourism. Research limitations The research program is executed with a motive to assemble data by using different methods or approaches. Few limitations acting as a challenge for the research program are faced. These limitations can create an adverse impact on the research program. Research limitations are the hurdles in the way of research execution program. Research limitations identified in this research program are: Lack of access to the information or source of information. Availability of insufficient resources. Different resources are required for the execution of the research. These resources include human resource, finance, and Availability of short span of time for the execution of the research program. Time Schedule (Research Plan) Research plan has been prepared which will help in completing the different activities of the research in the time allocated to them. Sequence Activities Date of Initiation Duration (days) Date of completion Description A) Taking decision regarding the research topic 23 January 2018 1 23 January 2018 The decision will be taken regarding the topic on which research program is to be conducted. B) Framing the outline the research program 24 January 2018 3 26 January 2018 Plans will be outlined on the basis of which research program will be carried out. C) Execution of the plans outlined 27 January 2018 7 02 February 2018 Plans will be put into action on the basis of the outlined plans. D) Selection of data collection methods 03 February 2018 2 04 February 2018 Methods for the purpose of assembling of data will be chosen so as to initiate the data collection process. E) Assembling the required data 05 February 2018 5 09 February 2018 Data assembling process will be initiated at this stage so as to assemble relevant data for the research. F) Analysis and evaluation of the assembled data 10 February 2018 4 13 February 2018 Data collected will be analyzed and evaluated by using different approaches. Quality data will be extracted from the assembled data. G) Conclusion and recommendations 14 February 2018 2 15 February 2018 The conclusion will be provided for discussing key aspects of the research and recommendations will be provided for further research works. Conclusion Motive behind the initiation of the research is to develop knowledge of tourism and hospitality sectors and their impact on the world economy. Tourism and hospitality sector has helped in balancing the payment along with the creation of the employment opportunity. The motive behind the execution of this research program is to develop knowledge of the relationship between the hospitality occupations or jobs and tourism industry focusing on the development of the society and nations. Different methods will be defined in this research program which will be used for the accumulation of the relevant data for the research. References Abbasi, A. S., Khalid, W., Azam, M. Riaz, A., 2010, Determinants of Customer Satisfaction inHotel Industry of Pakistan European Journal of Scientific Research Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2010.Vol.48 No.1, pp.97-105. Acaps, 2012, Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment, accounting. Ali, R., 2015, 5 Charts That Show Why the Travel Industry Is the Worlds Fastest Growing Sector, Skift. Accessed on: 24 January 2018. Available at: https://skift.com/2015/06/08/5-charts-that-show-why-the-travel-industry-is-the-worlds-fastest-growing-sector/ Bell, D., 2009, Tourism and Hospitality, Sage. Accessed on: 24 January 2018. Available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/29171_Jamal___Chapter_2.pdf Caroll, J., 2016, Future Trends in the Hospitality industry: Millennials and Social Media Rule, CallBox. Accessed on: 24 January 2018. Available at: https://www.callboxinc.com/b2b-marketing-and-strategy/future-trends-in-hospitality-industry-millennials-and-social-media-rule/ Gorard, S., 2013, Research design: creating robust approaches for the social sciences, SAGE, London. Ibrahim Al-Omari, A., 2014, Estimation of entropy using random sampling, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 261, 1, 95-102. Kim, T. G., Lee, J. H. Law, R., 2008, An empirical examination of the acceptance behaviour of hotel front office systems: An extended technology acceptance model, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp. 500-513. Kuada, J., 2012, Research methodology: a project guide for university students, 1st edn, Samfundslitteratur, Frederiksberg C [Denmark]. Accessed on: 24 January 2018. Available at: https://live.heartmath.org/kjbsufgpamr/research-methodology-a-project-guide-for-university-students-by-john-kuada.pdf Maghzi, A., Abbaspour, B., Eskandarian, M. Hamid, A. B. A., 2011, Brand Trust in Hotel Industry: Influence of Service Quality andCustomer Satisfaction 2nd International Conference on Business, Economics and Tourism Management. Rahi, S., 2017, Research Design and Methods: A Systematic Review of Research Paradigms, Sampling Issues and Instruments Development, International Journal of Economics Management Sciences, 6:2. Saunders, M. N., 2011, Research methods for business students, Pearson Education India. Accessed on: 24 January 2018. Available at: https://sisis.rz.htw-berlin.de/inh2012/12402512.pdf Smith, N.L., 2015, Using Action Design Research to Research and Develop Evaluation Practice, New Directions for Evaluation, vol. 2015, no. 148, pp. 57-72. Turkenburg, J. P. McAuley, K. E., 2013, Data collection and processing,Acta Crystallographica Section D,Vol. 69, Number 7, pp. 1193-1194. Wang, H. Y. Wang, S. H., 2010, Predicting mobile hotel reservation adoption: Insight from a perceived value standpoint, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, pp. 598-608.

International marketing and organisational behaviour

Background Marketing entails all those activities that precipitate the knowledge on the availability of certain products and services so that appropriate levels of production can be attained in accordance to the movements in demand and supply. It may also feature the strategic movement of finished goods and services to various points of sale as dictated by demand.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International marketing and organisational behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teejays bid to engage in international marketing will largely depend on the entry mode as well as choice of international market (IMEM). Hence, the management at Teejay will have to plan and strategize between competing expansions. It is against this background that the management may be faced with tough decisions involving entry strategies in international market. To be precise, such choices significantly rely on managerial philosophy, firm resources and nature of the market that Teejay will be interested to venture in future. In international marketing portfolio, international evolution of a firm marks the early stage of its entry mode. At this point, establishment chain and/or internationalization approach via foreign direct investment forms a sequence of entry mode from indirect export (Alvarez, 2004). Teejay will also have to make use of both theoretical and practical approaches when entering international market. Several theories have been used to establish the entry of firms into the international market and to study internationalization of both small and large multinational and exporter firms. Such theories include strategic behavior theory, eclectic theory, transaction cost analysis theory and resource advantage theory. When it comes to focusing efforts on international markets, Teejay’s management will have to exhibit diverse biases based on prior experiences or educational backgrounds in differen t countries. Additionally, due to competition and fear of losing out to local marketers, some entrepreneurs prefer local markets (Buckley, 2002). However, research studies points out that through international expansion, the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can be improved. In addition, many managers are endowed with tactic knowledge which they can use to leverage opportunities in the international market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competition as a challenge in international marketing In the global market, making a new entry can be both exhilarating and fun. However, due to intensive competition and increasing uncertainty, companies that have sustainable advantage make tremendous gains in the market because they have capabilities and resources that are non-substitutable and unique that other competitors lack (Coviello Jones, 2004). It is imper ative to mention that Teejay will have to develop some of these capabilities in order to be successful in international marketing. They will include such factors like innovative capacity, strategic flexibility, organizational learning and effective technology among others. These capabilities can be generic within a firm, be applied broadly over a wide range of areas or organizations and be founded upon individual and management competencies. Competencies can either be general or specific. The latter competency is related to functional or cultural issues in a firm while the former deals with managerial roles or leadership in business (Crick Spence, 2005). On the same note, Teejay will not evade the fact that consistent provision of superior value and high quality products to customers is crucial especially when expanding into international market. This will be determined by the firm’s ability to establish strategic business decisions as well as strategic capabilities (Dwyer, Mesak Hsu 2005). Through these, Teejay will be in a position to deal with the challenges of competition by meeting customer satisfaction, strategic goals and increased provision of services. Recommendations and strategies on how to counter competition in order to counter competition as a business challenge to new market entry, Teejay will require new marketing and strategic capabilities controlled by the business whereby its resources are put into action to improve, sustain and support marketing performance (Lee et al. 2010). It is recommendable for the company to ensure that streams of technologies are integrated for marketing. In addition, diverse marketing skills are coordinated and collective learning is practiced within the company. Over the years, competitiveness has been linked to its strategic capabilities in marketing and this has given many companies a competitive advantage over others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on International marketing and or ganisational behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational behaviours at Teejay In an organisational setting, the term organisational behaviour is used to describe the dynamics that exist between individuals and groups in a common workplace in addition to the operational nature of the organizations in question (Dwyer, Mesak Hsu, 2005). There are a myriad of factors that come into play whenever people interrelate, intermingle or work together in organisations. Similarly, Teejay may not be exempted from the requisite organisational behaviour. There are several organisational behaviour issues which are significant in the day to day running of business organisations. It is also imperative to note that the study of organisational behaviour is growing in importance bearing in mind that contemporary multinational organisations like Teejay are comprised of employees who have to work as cohesive teams in spite of their distinct cu ltural values and socio-economic and political backgrounds. In this essay, the pertinent organisational behavioural issues touching on Teejay is explored in detail. Group dynamics at Teejay The performance of small groups within Teejay Company Inc. is a key ingredient to its overall output in marketing. As an organization, its success in marketing will rely heavily on the individual output of small teams that constitute departments or divisions within it. Research studies have indicated that increased marketing practices have been directly linked to group efficacy in an organisation (Peng, 2004). One of the most powerful ways through which groups in Teejay Company Inc. will increase their efficacy and effectiveness will be through team building exercises. It is worth mentioning that team building will be an important organizational exercise and behaviour that will highly enhance its performance. Research studies indicates that the essence behind any team building strategy is that wh en employees work or pull together towards achieving a common marketing goal, it is more likely that the organisation will realize a much faster growth compared to when they pull in different directions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, the concept of team building in Teejay will be described as an organizational behaviour and practice that attempts to bring employees together as one cohesive team that works to achieve a common objective or goal in marketing. Through team building exercises, Teejay will not only advance the leadership skills of its employees, but will also boost the morale of its staff through outings in form of retreats to conduct team building exercises. This will assist in breaking some of the barriers that exist among them that may be social, political or even personal, and which can significantly hinder the effectiveness of team work in marketing. Management of change at Teejay Since the establishment of Teejay, management of change in marketing practices has been a part of strategic planning by its managers. The implementation process of the proposed marketing changes in this company should be as shrewd as possible. Most importantly, consultations should be made and those who are to be affected by the changes be informed or be made integral part of the implementation process. Teejays will be able to manage marketingl changes effectively by creating proposed changes that are pragmatic, quite reasonable, measurable and achievable. Research studies indicates that although these elements are crucial when managing change at all levels, it should be noted that the best process of change begins from a personal and local level, then to working groups which spill their influence to the international market (Martà ­nez-Là ³pez, Sousa Gà ¡zquez-Abad 2011). However, the responsibility of managing change does not lie with employees since they are instruments of change, not architects Motivation of employees at Teejay Teejay Company should make certain that its employees are motivated, both intrinsically and extrinsically. Research studies indicate that in most cases, psychological aspirations precede motivation (Peng, 2004). An employee who is intrinsically motivated does not necessarily require to be impressed by external factors before working in a smart way to improve the productivity of an organisation and to perform marketing practices. However, most employees would appreciate to be externally motivated, either by the style of leadership in place or by enhanced working conditions where job satisfaction is not an illusion but reality. Teejay will be required to maintain a high level of motivation of employees in order to sustain better marketing performances. This will be through assigning different roles and responsibilities to employees designed in a manner that provides chances for growth, attaining set marketing goals and recognizing achievements. Motivation by goal setting Teejay employees can be motivated to carry out marketing through a well defined process of setting goals for the organisation. Studies have revealed that people tend to be motivated to work when there are certain goals to be achieved after a given period of time. This typ e of motivation is well explained by Locke’s goal setting theory. At this point, it is undisputed that Teejay will be able to attain its short, medium and long term marketing goals once they have been set. Nevertheless, it implies that employees will only be motivated when they are part and parcel of goal setting. Moreover, each group member within the wider Teejay community should be made to visualize the importance of the marketing goals being set. In most cases, employees will not inject an additional effort in marketing if they have no clear idea on how the set goals are going to be beneficial to the organisation. They should also derive quantifiable benefits upon achieving the goals. Teejay is currently working on marketing strategies that require employees who are motivated, resilient and competent enough. If this target is to be met, employees working on these new marketing strategies should be motivated to input their best skill and effort. Goal setting as a way of mo tivating employees comes with its own cost if it is to be successful. Firstly, there are five core principles which the management at Teejay should bear in mind for this theory to be fruitful: the set goals should be clear, challenging, demonstrate high level of task complexity, have a feedback system and also demonstrate commitment. Conclusions To sum up, it is imperative to note that one common feature found among winning competitors in the global market is the use of innovation and technology to achieve a competitive advantage. The commercial aspect of innovation is seen in the way businesses create products that are of non-existent value. These businesses then devise strategies that enabled them market their products. Due to increased competition in the marketplace, these companies strive to improve their capabilities while continually upgrading their skills in marketing. Teejay should follow this path should it endeavor to venture into international marketing. References Alvare z, R. (2004). Sources of export success in small- and medium-sized enterprises: The impact of public programs. International Business Review, 13(3), 383-400. Buckley, P.J. (2002). Is the international business research agenda running out of steam? Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 365-373. Coviello, N.E. Jones, M.V. (2004). Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 485-508. Crick, D. Spence, M. (2005). The internationalization of ‘high performing’ UK high- tech SMEs: A study of planned and unplanned strategies. International Business Review. 14 (2), 167-185. Dwyer, S., Mesak, H. Hsu, M. (2005). An exploratory examination of the influence of national culture on cross- national product diffusion. Journal of International Marketing, 13(2), 1-27. Lee R., et al. 2010. The underlying social identities of a nation’s brand. International Marketing Review 27(4): 450-465. Martà ­nez-Là ³pez, F. , Sousa, C. Gà ¡zquez-Abad, J. 2011. A cultural constructivist analysis of the internet’s role in the international approximation of markets. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 19(1): 57-79. Peng, M.W. (2004). Identifying the big question in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 99-108. This report on International marketing and organisational behaviour was written and submitted by user Delaney U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Black History Month and Lesser Known African-Americans

Black History Month and Lesser Known African-Americans The term little known black Americans can refer to all the people who have made contributions to America and to civilization, but whose names are not as well-known as many others or not known at all. For instance, we hear about Martin Luther King Jr., George Washington Carver, Sojourner Truth, Rosa Parks, and many other famous Black Americans, but what have you heard about Edward Bouchet, or Bessie Coleman, or Matthew Alexander Henson? Black Americans have been making contributions to America from the start, but like countless other Americans whose achievements have altered and enriched our lives, these Black Americans remain unknown. Its important, though, to point out their contributions because too often people dont realize that Black Americans have been making contributions to our country from its inception. In many cases, what they accomplished they managed to do against all odds, in spite of overwhelming obstacles. These people are an inspiration to everyone who finds him or herself in circumstances that seem impossible to overcome. Early Contributions In 1607, English settlers arrived in what would later become Virginia and founded a settlement they named Jamestown. In 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Jamestown and traded its cargo of slaves for food. Many of these slaves later were freemen with their own land, contributing to the success of the colony. We do know some of their names, like Anthony Johnson, and its a pretty interesting story. But Africans were involved in more than settling Jamestown. Some were part of the early explorations of the New World. For example, Estevanico, a slave from Morocco, was part of a group who had been asked by the Mexican Viceroy in 1536 to go on an expedition into the territories that are now Arizona and New Mexico. He went ahead of the groups leader and was the first non-native to set foot in those lands. While most Blacks originally arrived in America primarily as slaves, many were free by the time the Revolutionary War was fought. One of these was Crispus Attucks, the son of a slave. Most of them, though, like so many who fought in that war, remain relatively nameless to us. But anyone who thinks that it was only the white man who chose to fight for the principle of individual freedom might want to take a look at the Forgotten Patriots Project from the DAR (Daughters of the American Revolution). They have documented the names of thousands of African-Americans, Native Americans, and those of mixed heritage who fought against the British for freedom. Not-So-Famous Black Americans You Should Know George Washington Carver (1864-1943)Carver is a well-known African-American. Who isnt aware of his work with peanuts? Hes on this list, though, because of one of his contributions that we dont often hear about: The Tuskegee Institute Movable School. Carver established this school to introduce modern agricultural techniques and tools to farmers in Alabama. Movable schools are now used around the world.Edward Bouchet (1852-1918)Bouchet was the son of a former slave who had moved to New Haven, Connecticut. Only three schools there accepted Black students at the time, so Bouchets educational opportunities were limited. However, he managed to get admitted to Yale and became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. and the 6th American of any race to earn one in physics. Although segregation prevented him from attaining the kind of position he should have been able to get with his outstanding credentials (6th in his graduating class), he taught for 26 years at the Institute for Colored Y outh, serving as an inspiration to generations of young African-Americans. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (1745?-1818)DuSable was a Black man from Haiti is who is credited with founding Chicago. His father was a Frenchman in Haiti and his mother was an African slave. Its not clear how he arrived in New Orleans from Haiti, but once he did, he traveled from there to what is now modern-day Peoria, Illinois. Although he was not the first to pass through the area, he was the first to establish a permanent settlement, where he lived for at least twenty years. He set up a trading post on the Chicago River, where it meets Lake Michigan, and became a wealthy man with a reputation as a man of good character and sound business acumen.Matthew Alexander Henson (1866-1955)Henson was the son of free-born tenant farmers, but his early life was difficult. He started his life as an explorer at the age of eleven when he ran away from an abusive home. In 1891, Henson went with Robert Peary on the first of several trips to Greenland. Peary was determined to find the geographic No rth Pole. In 1909, Peary and Henson went on what was to be their final trip, the one on which they reached the North Pole. Henson was actually the first to set foot on the North Pole, but when the two returned home, it was Peary who received all the credit. Because he was Black, Henson was virtually ignored. Bessie Coleman (1892 -1926)Bessie Coleman was one of 13 children born to a Native American father and an African-American mother. They lived in Texas and faced the kinds of difficulties many Black Americans faced at the time, including segregation and disenfranchisement. Bessie worked hard in her childhood, picking cotton and helping her mother with the laundry she took in. But Bessie didnt let any of it stop her. She educated herself and managed to graduate from high school. After seeing some newsreels on aviation, Bessie became interested in becoming a pilot, but no U.S flight schools would accept her because she was Black and because she was female. Undeterred, she saved enough money to go to France where she heard women could be pilots. In 1921, she became the first Black woman in the world to earn a pilots license.Lewis Latimer (1848-1928)Latimer was the son of runaway slaves who had settled in Chelsea, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War, Latimer got a job as an office boy in a patent office. Because of his ability to draw, he became a draftsman, eventually getting promoted to be the head draftsman. Although he has a large number of inventions to his name, including a safety elevator, perhaps his greatest achievement is his work on the electric light bulb. We can thank him for the success of Edisons lightbulb, which originally had a lifespan of just a few days. It was Latimer who found a way to create a filament system that prevented the carbon in the filament from breaking, thereby extending the life of the lightbulb. Thanks to Latimer, lightbulbs became cheaper and more efficient, which made it possible for them to be installed in homes and on the ​streets. Latimer was the only Black American on Edisons elite team of inventors. What we  love about the biographies of these six people is that not only did they have exceptional talent, but they did not allow the circumstances of their birth to determine who they were or what they could accomplish. That is certainly a lesson for all of us.

A Quick Introduction to Homeschooling

A Quick Introduction to Homeschooling Homeschooling is a type of education where children learn outside of a school setting under the supervision of their parents. The family determines what is to be learned and how it is to be taught while following whatever government regulations apply in that state or country. Today, homeschooling is a widely accepted educational alternative to traditional public or private schools, as well as a valuable method of learning in its own right. Homeschooling in America The roots of todays homeschooling movement go way back in American history. Up until the first compulsory education laws about 150 years ago, most children were taught at home. Wealthier families hired private tutors. Parents also taught their own children using books like the McGuffey Reader  or sent their children to a dame school where small groups of children were taught be a neighbor in exchange for chores. Famous homeschoolers from history include President John Adams, author Louisa May Alcott, and inventor Thomas Edison. Today, homeschooling parents have a wide range of curriculum, distance learning programs, and other educational resources to choose from. The movement also includes child-directed learning or unschooling, the philosophy made popular starting in the 1960s by education expert  John Holt. Who Homeschools and Why Its believed that between one to two percent of all school-age children are homeschooled -   although the statistics that exist on homeschooling in the United States are notoriously unreliable. Some of the reasons parents give for homeschooling include concern about safety, religious preference, and educational benefits. For many families, homeschooling is also a reflection of the importance they place on being together and a way to offset some of the pressures - in and out of school - to consume, acquire, and conform. In addition, families homeschool: to fit into parents work schedulesto travelto accommodate special needs and learning disabilitiesto provide gifted kids with more challenging material or allow them to work at a faster pace. Homeschooling Requirements in the U.S. Homeschooling comes under the authority of individual states, and each state has different requirements. In some parts of the country, all parents need to do is notify the school district that they are educating their children themselves. Other states require parents to submit lesson plans for approval, send in regular reports, prepare a portfolio for the district or peer review, allow home visits by district employees and have their children take standardized tests. Most states allow any competent parent or adult to homeschool a child, but a few demand a  teaching certification. For new homeschoolers, the important thing to know is that regardless of the local requirements, families have been able to work within them to achieve their own goals. Educational Styles One of homeschoolings advantages is that it is adaptable to many styles of teaching and learning. Some of the important ways in which homeschooling methods differ include: How much structure is preferred. There are homeschoolers who set up their environment like a classroom, right down to separate desks, textbooks, and a blackboard. Other families rarely or never do formal lessons, but dive into research materials, community resources and opportunities for hands-on exploration whenever a new topic catches someones interest. In between are homeschoolers who place varying amounts of importance on daily sit-down desk work, grades, tests, and covering topics in a particular order or time frame.What materials are used. Homeschoolers have the option to use an all-in-one curriculum, buy individual texts and workbooks from one or more publishers, or use picture books, nonfiction, and reference volumes instead. Most families also supplement whatever they use with alternative resources such as novels, videos, music, theater, art, and more.How much teaching is done by the parent. Parents can and do take on all the responsibility for teaching themselves. But other s choose to share teaching duties with other homeschooling families or pass it along to other educators. These can include distance learning (whether by mail, phone, or online), tutors and tutoring centers, as well as all the enrichment activities available to all children in the community, from sports teams to arts centers. Some private schools have also begun opening up their doors to part-time students. What About Public School at Home? Technically, homeschooling does not include the ever-increasing variations of public schooling that take place outside of school buildings. These can include online charter schools, independent study programs, and part-time or blended schools. To the parent and child at home, these may feel very similar to homeschooling. The difference is that public-school-at-home students are still under the authority of the school district, which determines what they must learn and when. Some homeschoolers feel these programs are missing the main ingredient that makes education at home work for them the freedom to change things as needed. Others find them a helpful way to allow their children to learn at home while still meeting the requirements of the school system. More Homeschooling Basics Homeschooling FAQWhat Homeschooling Really Looks Like5 Quick-Start Tips10 Positive Reasons to Homeschool

The latest technology has negative effects also Research Paper

The latest technology has negative effects also - Research Paper Example Their drawbacks associated with computers include the time that students and young generation waste playing games, chatting, listening to music and net surfing. In addition, the continuously changing software has made it impossible for older employees to continue working with the new technological advancements at their work places. This factor has led to an increase in unemployment. However, there is a technique available to solve this issue which involves the participation of employees in training programs but it would lead to higher costs for the businesses. The security issues that are linked to the data stored in computers are also counted as a drawback of computers (Haugen & Musser 2007). The technology has helped people in making it easier for the people to communicate, interact and share easily and speedily. Cell phones are one of the fastest ways of communication today. They have brought a great change in the communication means. People are now able to communicate each other from any part of the world. The benefit of the cell phones is that it is faster than other communication mediums and is available for the users all the time regardless of the place. The drawbacks, however, cannot be ignored. People often misuse cell phones. Younger generation wastes hours talking with friends mostly on useless topics. This does not only waste their time but also cost them in monetary terms. People also use it to send messages which include some disgracing jokes about religions, races and cultures. This fact is creating distances among the people and is posing a threat to the overall peace among the people belonging to different backgrounds (Castells, 2007). Video games are also another source through which it can be proved that technology is increasing our daily life problems. The popularity of video games has been increasing as shown by the investments made to meet the increasing demand. The innovations and technological advancements played a vital role in increasi ng the demand for video games. It has been observed that children of ages between 8 and 18 are found to have spent at least 40 hours per week in some form of media. This also includes the sharp rise in the exposure to video games by younger generation. The increasing popularity of video games has encouraged the exposure to video games to children aging 2 years with a minimum of 1 hour per day spent on games. Children falling in the age group of 8-13 years are observed to have played video games nearly 7.5 hours a week. Anderson’s (2001) research further illuminates the fact that children are exposed to video games which are never supervised by their parents or elders. Adams (2010) further explains the problem in terms of age-directed games that 85% of children play game which are designed and launched for adults. Adams’s argument points towards the heavy exposure of violence and negative exposure about female body, relationships and negative ideals in those games. Ande rson (2005) reveal the statistical data to explore the effects of media on individuals and the society. Anderson explains that by the age of 18, almost every American child is exposed to 40,000 killings by one or the other form of media. Violent games play a great role in altering the behaviors of the children. Early exposure to violence brings about a change in their viewpoints, habits and practices. Anderson’

Leadership and Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership and Managment - Assignment Example This paper approves that the manager sees the existence of the conflict but deliberately tries to avoid it. The manager tries to ignore the sentiments raised by the team members. In as far as the aspect of accommodating is concerned, it can be seen that the other party tries to appease others through placing their priorities on top of his. The other aspect is related to compromising where each party tries to give up something as a way of resolving the conflict. this stage deals with behaviour where it can be seen that the conflict becomes visible in the organisation. In this case, the behaviour of the team members has negatively changed since there is low morale in the organization after the encounter described above. Communication involves the exchange of information between parties involved in a certain conflict. In order to solve group conflicts, there are certain steps that can be taken by the leaders. There are three ways of solving inter-group conflict namely: peaceful coexiste nce, compromise and problem solving. This essay makes a conclusion that in an organisation, it can be noted that conflict is inevitable but it can be solved amicably depending on the leader’s capability and interpersonal skills towards finding ways of resolving conflicts. In the scenario described above, it has been noted that the leader is too authoritarian hence he could not listen to the views of the members of the team. This created the conflict described above. Therefore, it is recommended that the leader should implement the following measures in order to avoid a similar situation in the future.

Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay Example for Free

Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay The composition of this research paper will concentrate on the topic about the pathophysiologic condition of the disorder called obesity. Thus, this would focus in the said topic to determine the functional changes that go along with such type of disorder that is seen to have developed as one of the prominent health problem in the society. Moreover, the paper would work in rendering fundamental information that is seen essential to further understand the condition of obesity. In addition to this, this research would also deal with the key areas that are seen to be of major concern with regard to battling and preventing obesity. Nonetheless, this holds on the purpose in rendering definite and essential information about obesity. The following will be discussed: †¢ A Brief Background: Obesity †¢ Pathophysiology of Obesity †¢ Causes of Obesity †¢ Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention At the end of the paper, in intends to render facts and information about the pathophysiology of the obesity. Likewise, the completion of this research paper is also set to provide clear and evident information with regard to the possible medical treatments and nursing interventions that could be done to be able to battle and prevent obesity. A Brief Background: Obesity It can be said that the discussions over the subject of obesity is normally overlooked as one of the major health issues that is in need of accorded attention. Normally, the society would describe obesity as a state wherein an individual with such condition is seen to be ridiculous for having such abnormal and fatty body. In a sense, obesity must be regarded as a serious condition in which it is seen to be one of the most prominent health disorders that if not properly handled it can result to numerous severe health complications in the body. In general, obesity is characterized as a chronic condition that involves excessive amount body fat (Goroll, 2006). Although body fat is necessary for storing energy, heat insulation, shock absorption, and other essential functions, the normal amount of body fat should only be between 25-30% for women and 18-23% for men (Goroll, 2006). Thus, women with excessive body fat with over 30% and for men with over 25% body fat are already considered obese (Goroll, 2006). Moreover, the obesity is also seen to be one of the escalating health conditions in the society wherein the numbers of people with such disorder are rapidly increasing (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). In the United States, the obesity has already reached epidemic extent in which it is seen that one in every three Americans is obese (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, obesity, as a serious health condition, is also seen to be rapidly increasing in the global society that the occurrence of obesity has practically doubled up from the year 1991 up to 1998 (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Pathophysiology of Obesity With the fact that obesity is a significant health threat, the extra weight or the excessive fat is inclined to create extraordinary stress in all parts of the body (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. d. ). Thus, the occurrence of obesity normally incorporates negative developments in the body that are seen as the acquisition of serious illnesses and raises the risk of individuals to having diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke and gallbladder disease (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. . ). Obesity also creates ill-health conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol that are normally seen among the adults, which is now believed to be seen in the children that are obese (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). In addition to this, the obesity also increases the risk of individual to acquire certain types of cancer. Also, obese individuals are seen to be more inclined to develop osteoarthritis and sleep apnea (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, the obesity or the excessive fat is often accompanied by several symptoms such as breathlessness, tiredness, back pain, sweatiness, arthritis, menstrual disorders, poor sleeping and depression (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Also, obesity increases the probability of myocardial infraction and heart failure (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Hence, it is seen that biggest probable impact of obesity in health, more especially with that of the elderly, is the diversity of its effects with other systems in the body (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity’† n. d. ). Causes of Obesity In most circumstances, the majority of medical researchers agree that a combination of excessive calorie consumption and a inactive lifestyle are seen to be the primary causes of obesity (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, the increased of food consumption is normally attributed as genetic, medical or psychiatric illness (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, it is also said that the other probable causes of obesity are hereditary influences, overeating, diet high in simple carbohydrates, slow metabolism, and frequency of eating, physical inactivity, medication such as antidepressants and psychological factors such as severe emotional distress (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Moreover, in the review that is done in the year 2006, it is said that the most probable factors that have contribute in the rise of obesity are seen to be the cause of insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors, decreased rates of smoking, increased use of medication that leads to weight gain, pregnancy at a later age, intrauterine and intergenerational effects, positive natural selection of people with a higher BMI (â€Å"10 Factors in Rise of Obesity,† n. d. ). Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention Treatment through the help of a physician is seen to be necessary in obesity, more especially during the times wherein the person’s own efforts to lose weight is not working and when it is seen essential that simultaneous medical conditions make it vital for an obese person to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, prescription of medications may seem as necessary for those having people with obesity-related health problems (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). In addition to this, the prescriptions of over-the-counter supplements are also considered as essential in the medical treatment of obesity that could helpful for the people in effort to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Behavioural strategies are also used in the treatment of obesity that could help modify dietary habits and increase activity levels of obese people (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). Likewise, psychotherapy for eating disorders with the therapist is also seen essential in the treatment process of obesity that may also require medication (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). On the other hand, it is seen evident that the other probable nursing intervention that could be done to battle obesity is having a healthy and active lifestyle through the presence of exercise. As such, the involvement through healthy exercises is indeed helpful in treatment of obesity as these activities are good in burning calories and other excess fats in the body. In addition to this, a good healthy diet is also seen as another nursing intervention for obesity in which eating healthy foods with balanced diet are essential in maintaining and achieving healthy body. Nonetheless, the modified personal discipline with regard to adverse eating habits is also seen as probable nursing intervention for obesity. Conclusion  With the above written facts and information about the pathophysiology of obesity, it is seen evident that choosing such topic in this research paper is indeed significant and helpful for the people, more especially among the individuals with such condition, as this provides factual data of the probable negative results that comes with obesity. As such, this research paper also provides factual gathering of information in battling and treating obesity. Nonetheless, it is seen evident that the issue of obesity is one of the serious health problems that are in need of proper attention.

Self Discovery and Noel Perrins The Androgynous Man :: Androgynous Man Essays

Self Discovery and Noel Perrin's The Androgynous Man Reading The Androgynous Man by Noel Perrin1 sparked a number of thoughts. Our father's sperm and our mother's ovum are both necessary for fertilization and conception. For every human being seen walking the face of this planet, this formula has taken place of necessity. Without both genders, there would be no single gender; everyone is part mom and part dad. Therefore, the hormones that dominate in each gender are present in both genders in varying amounts. And since every individual derives being from both mom and dad, there is a wide range of possibilities in the niche that each person in each gender will be naturally inclined to, regardless of the stereotypical roles. Everyone is distinctive and unique. When I was in high school, for the first time in my life I developed a group of exceptionally close friends. We referred to ourselves as The Family. We were looking for meaning in life, meaning . . . and acceptance. We were a coed group consisting of about ten people-five girls and five guys-and we learned a lot about ourselves and life. One thing that we learned was the freedom to be who we were. We did all kinds of things together-we laughed, we cried, we talked, we fought, we loved, and we hated; we unselfishly supported one another through the storms of adolescence. In the process, we learned how to become truly whole persons. We were not afraid of our masculine or feminine sides, and self-discovery blossomed with the water of mutual acceptance. In some ways, I feel as though I have lost a part of what I had then. I have become so logical and analytical in my thinking that at times it seems as though I have no remaining emotional side left. And after all, what is it that matters most in life? Science will never be able to empirically demonstrate the love that bonds people together-logic will never be able to demonstrate the warm feeling you have from sharing yourself with someone else-analysis in itself will never offer up happiness, contentment, worth, and value. Above all, science, logic, and analysis will never be able to grasp the spiritual because they "insist on what is packaged and precise" as Christian singer/songwriter Nichole Nordeman so poignantly sings in "Who You Are." Can one ever package the mysteries of the universe and the awesome Creative force that spawned them?

Ethics in Business

The implications brought by the previous handling of international forces in the Middle East have obviously penetrated even the natural flow of commercial activities. Today, not only the Arab world is subject to facing problematic social structures but all other countries involved in the undertakings of the peace procedures. The sentiments brought by the media, unjustified discriminatory perception and biased presentation of facts have lead to a chaotic global structure of societies affecting commerce and politics. In the case of DWI, the primary legal infliction that the company can undertake is to generate a legally accepted action only for the case of its commercial credibility. Meaning it can only present in the courts that the justification of selecting non-Arab descent clients are only pre-conditions in order to sustain better services for its customers and to continue its business operations. Of course, the legal issue in this aspect is the discriminatory perspective against a specific group of clients. The court may face similar questioning about its own powers on how to manipulate commerce in favor of the complete rule against discrimination. There could possibly be a sentiment among the business community to align with the philosophy of DWI since the law basically rules over that of the Commerce Clause. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 intends to prohibit discriminatory acts in commercial establishments (Wikipedia, 2008). But in the case of DWI, it needs to embark on a decision to weigh its priorities. The profit losses the business may incur will send a message to the business sector that the government is incapable of protecting the welfare of the investors. On the ethical part, DWI has really committed a discriminatory act by limiting its guests to non-Arab descent individuals. Business establishments like hotels are supposed to be a public place in which any clients can check in and use the facilities. It was very unethical to filter out the Arab guests just because of isolated incidents which do not really provide credible correlations between violence and the presence of Arab descent individuals. What the company can do is to increase its security operations to protect the whole population of its clientele. An additional investment for this unit can hurt the asset management of DWI but it will let the company continue its profit generation in the long term. References Wikipedia. 2008. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964. Â  

China Export Strategy

China's Export Strategy: What Can We Learn From It? Arvind Panagariya As much as by luck as by design, China stumbled onto an export and foreign investment strategy that has proved remarkably successful, helping the economy move quickly to a market-based system. experience serve as a model for other countries? But can the Chinese After three decades of inward-oriented trade and foreign investment policies, in 1979, China switched course and launched an â€Å"open-door† policy. During the 15 years that have elapsed since then, the country has ersistently, albeit gradually, liberalized its trade and foreign investment regime. This has been accompanied by a spectacular growth in GDP and During 1980-90, GDP grew annually at an impressive rate of Over the same period, exports grew at an annual rate of 11 foreign trade. 9. 5 percent. percent–more than twice as fast as world trade–and imports 9. 8 percent. More recently, in 1992 and 1993, GDP has shown annual growth rat es exceeding 13 percent. The annual growth in exports and imports during these two years has been 13 percent and 27 percent, respectively. What are the key trade and foreign investment policies that have led to this dramatic growth in China's foreign trade and GDP? And what lessons can we derive from China's experience for other economies in transition? (see box)? In the following, we examine the nature of reforms and why they worked well or poorly in particular cases. Though this study focuses on external economic policies, it is important to remember that the promotion of non-state enterprises has closely complemented China's outward-oriented – 2 strategy. These enterprises, owned collectively by local authorities in urban areas, townships or villages, enjoy a high degree of autonomy in their operations. Consequently, they have been most successful in taking advantage of the outward-oriented strategy. Promoting an â€Å"export culture† On the external front, three factors combined to give rise to China's success: adoption of an aggressive pro-export strategy by central authorities, active participation of local authorities and the presence of Hong Kong and Taiwanese investors looking for a source of cheap labor. With he beginning of the open-door policy, the central authorities began sending clear signals in favor of an export-oriented trade regime. A variety of instruments were employed to promote what may be called an â€Å"export culture†: geographical targeting, sectoral targeting, a liberal foreign investment regime, and liberal provision of export financing. Geographical targeting. China set up the so-called Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Open Cities within which economic activities– manufacturing, banking, exporting and importing, and foreign investment-took place in a more liberal environment than is available in the rest of the economy. These zones helped to serve as focal points for investment from both domestic and foreign sources and to allow China to develop links with the world market, brought in part, by Hong Kong and Taiwanese entrepreneurs. Originally there were only a handful of such zones, all in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Over time, many features of SEZs were extended to other cities. Two features of SEZs distinguish them from the rest of the country. First, the SEZs enjoy considerable administrative autonomy in the – 3 areas of investment, pricing, taxation, housing, and labor and land management policies. require virtually no Most foreign investments can be approved locally and central clearance. Second, the SEZs offer many The economic incentives to investors not available in the inland provinces. corporate income tax, normally 33 percent for foreign funded enterprises and 55 percent for state owned enterprises, is 15 percent for all enterprises in the SEZs. All imported inputs used in exports or sold within the Zones are In addition, tax holidays free of import duty and other indirect taxes. available to foreign funded enterprises are more generous in the SEZs than those available under the national tax legislation. Depending on the amount of investment, nature of the technology, and duration of the project, tax holidays of up to five years are available. The SEZs and open cities exhibited spectacular economic performance. In 1979, the three SEZs in Guangdong were small fishing villages with virtually no industrial activity. transformed into modern cities. By the end of 1980s, they had been In 1990, the SEZs and open cities accounted for 52% of total realized investment and more than half of total exports. During 1985-90, industrial output in Guangdong and Fujian grew at annual rates of 16% and 14. % compared with 6. 9% in the rest of the economy. Sectoral targeting. Side by side with geographical targeting, China has also engaged in sectoral targeting for exports. Targeted sectors, chosen at a broad level, have included light industrial products, textiles, and machinery and electronic goods. The most important instruments of targeting were production networks for exports (PNEs) and higher excha nge retention rights to targeted sectors. – 4 The Seventh Five Year Plan (1986-90) provided for the creation of PNEs. The idea was to bring the leading factories within the targeted ector into a network and support them through subsidies for technological upgrading, guaranteed supplies of raw materials and power, preferential access to transportation, attractive purchase prices for their goods, and higher exchange-retention rights than other enterprises in the same industry. The aim of the networks was to expand both the quailty and quantity of exports of the participating factories. The first industry group to benefit from this scheme was machinery and electronic goods. PNEs have also been created in light industrial products and textiles, and farm and sideline products. Rights to foreign exchange generated by exports are shared between the central and provincial governments. For targeted sectors, the allocation of retention rights was more favorable to the province and the foreign trade corporations (FTCs), which procure and export more than 80 percent of China's exports. In the case of light industries, arts & craft, and knitwear, foreign exchange was divided in the ratio of 20:80 between the center and province. Similarly, in machinery and electronic goods, for within-quota exports, the split between the center and provinces was 35:65. Though the retention rights have been revised recently, the bias in favor of FTCs has been retained. From the available data, it is difficult to judge the impact of sectoral targeting primarily because it was broad based. textiles and light industrial products in total exports The share of did expand significantly after 1985. But the effect on machinery sector is less clear. – 5 Overall, one thing which is clear, however, is that the export share of labor intensive sector has gone up in the latter half of 1980s. export shares of heavy and light industries were 47. % In 1982, 37. 6%, and respectively, in 1982. 52. 9%. By 1989, these shares had changed to 31. 9% and Liberal foreign investment regime. China's striking export performance is related to the size of foreign direct investment flows into the country (see table). Foreign investors have been lured to the Chinese market for three reasons. First, both policies and procedures have been designed to facilitate foreign investm ent. A 25 percent foreign investment gives an enterprise the At status of a joint venture and qualifies it for various tax incentives. he same time, foreign equity investment can rise all the way up to 100 percent. Restrictions on the choice of sectors are minimal; any preferences, sectoral or otherwise, take the form of extra incentives. As a result, joint ventures have been established in sectors ranging from hightechnology to consumer goods, services, and raw materials. lower or upper limit on the amount of foreign investment. There is no In large open cities such as Shanghai, foreign investment projects up to $30 million can be approved by local authorities. The limit in smaller open cities is $10 This autonomy has illion while that in unopened cities is $3 million. greatly simplified the approval procedures. Second, employment, wage and pricing policies for joint ventures are flexible. contractual Joint ventures are free to employ any required personnel on a basis. Employees ar e subject to warnings, wage cuts and – 6 dismissal. Except for a few product categories for which prices are set by the state, joint ventures are free to set their prices both domestically and abroad. Products or services for which prices are fixed are of two types. In the first category, prices are completely fixed (e. . , products such as grain, oil, and fuel; and services such as electricity and rent). In the second category, prices are allowed to fluctuate within prespecified bands usually ranging from 10 to 30 percent (e. g. , steel, cement, timber, coal and other major capital goods). Finally, China has given extra incentives to joint ventures. As already discussed, these incentives are particularly generous in the SEZs and open cities. Since 1986, additional preferential treatment has been The available to export-oriented or technologically advanced projects. ncentives include: o Exemption from state subsidies paid to employees to cover the benefits provided by the gov ernment of China; o Priority in obtaining Bank of China loans; o Tax exemption on profits remitted abroad; o Longer tax holidays from corporate income tax; o Extra tax benefits on profits reinvested in export-oriented or technologically advanced projects; and o Further reduced land-use fees, priority in obtaining utilities, transport, and communication facilities. Duty exemptions. China has also instituted an elaborate system of Under these schemes, uty exemptions on imported inputs used in exports. the concessional share of imports was 35 percent in 1988 and rose to 50 – 7 percent in 1991. played an The schemes, introduced in 1984 or later, seem to have role in expanding China's exports. Total exports important associated with concessional import arrangements account for 64 percent of China's manufactured exports. These exports doubled between 1988 and 1991. The domestic value added of these exports is, of course, lower than of other exports. Export financing. Ready access t o export credits is believed to ontribute favorably to export performance. The Bank of China, which is the primary bank dealing in foreign exchange, provides trade credits. Credit, offered in domestic currency, is available for working capital as well as fixed investment for the production of exports and import substitutes. main beneficiaries of these credits are FTCs. of total trade credits in 1991. The They accounted for 85 percent The Bank of China also offers loans in terms of foreign exchange, primarily to enterprises in which foreigners have invested, for working capital and fixed investment. Though contributing favorably to exports, the liberal credit policy has led to a rapid expansion of outstanding loans. The total volume of outstanding trade loans at the end of 1991 was more than three time that at the end of 1985. In part, this expansion was due to the growth of exports. But perhaps it also reflects a rising ratio of export credit to total exports. According to one calculation, this ratio was 150 percent in 1988. The Hong Kong connection A key element in China's success in the world markets so-called â€Å"Hong Kong connection†. as been the In the mid-1980s, Hong Kong entrepreneurs began shifting manufacturing facilities to China, attracted by lower labor – 8 costs as wages rose rapidly at home. This link with Hong Kong has not only brought much needed capital to China but also supplied new technology, modern management practices and critical links to the world market. Today more than half of China's exports to the rest of the world are handled by Hong Kong. Of the $45 billion in cumulative foreign investment commitments to China through 1992, 70 percent came from Hong Kong. This investment went mainly to export-oriented joint ventures. A large proportion of Guangdong's export production is supervised under contract by firms in Hong Kong. Processing activity for exports in Guangdong is also carried out largely in collaboration with partners in Hong Kong who supply materials. Many items, particularly in the toy and clothing sectors, which were previously exported by Hong Kong are now exported by Guangdong. Local policies China's economic system is highly decentralized now and the implementation of policy is largely under the control of provinces. Hence, in the fast-growing provinces, provincial and local officials have been deeply involved in the development process in general and export promotion in particular. The role of local authorities in facilitating foreign investment has been described earlier. In addition, there are a number of ways in which local authorities promote exports. First, the center gives mandatory targets or export quotas for only a limited number of items or in limited volumes. But in some provinces, for Moreover, example Jiangsu, the export-quota-system is far more elaborate. aking advantage of their monopsony power, FTCs are able to buy goods from enterprises at prices well below the corresponding domestic prices. Though – 9 the economic desirability of â€Å"exports at any cost† has been questioned, the FTCs have certainly been able to operate profitably on account of the monopsony power. Second, operating within the center's guidelines, provincial authorities have been expanding Direct Export Rights (DERs) to enterprises. Because the criteria for obtaining such rights are stringent, the DERs have not expanded as rapidly as would have been desirable, however. ith DERs account for only 5% of China's exports. Third, within the State's guidelines, provincial and city governments decide the allocation of raw materials imported by using locally retained foreign exchange earnings among enterprises, collectives and TVEs and across different sectors. Provinces and cities also provide indirect export Enterprises subsidies through the provision of critical inputs such as electric power to export oriented enterprises. higher bonuses for Further incentives are provided in the form of and employees on the basis of export managers erformance. Within the guidelines laid down by the State, provinces can confer rights to trade directly upon enterprises and enterprise groups. Finally, local authorities establish joint ventures between FTCs and enterprises to promote exports. establ ished 160 of these ventures. establish another 200 such ventures. The central lesson Perhaps the most important lesson, also consistent with the experience of other East Asian countries such as Korea, Taiwan Province of China, During the Seventh Plan, Wuxi City alone In the Eighth Plan, the city intended to 10 Singapore and now Thailand, is that the key to high GDP growth rates is export orientation and eventual success in the world market. The success in export expansion, in turn, depends on the policy package, which conveys a message in no uncertain terms that, rather than shelter import competing industries, the country will give priority to export oriented activities. China benefitted greatly from the clarity of signals sent by its policy reforms. Once the reform process began, there was rarely any doubt Despite occasional policy reversals, provincial and about its direction. ity governments, which implemented policies and enterprises, both state and nonstate, were convinced tha t the country was headed towards an export oriented regime. geographical In terms of static efficiency, virtually all policies-preferential treatment of foreign investment in targeting, general and in export sectors in particular, and discriminatory exchange retention rights–were highly distortionary. Yet, they combined to give a loud and clear signal that the government was determined to change the economy's orientation away from import substitution to export promotion. – 11 – Box Can India benefit from China's experience? Operationally, the Chinese model is not very applicable to the economies of Eastern Europe or the former Soviet Union. These countries have largely rejected the planning model, which has remained an integral part of the Chinese development strategy. The countries in Eastern Europe The have already evolved far closer to the market model than China. countries emerging out of the former Soviet Union, on the other hand, are still struggling with the problem of macroeconomic stabilization. The country for which the Chinese experience is most relevant is India. Both are highly populous and, by developing-country standards, large economies. They began their development process approximately at the same time and stressed self-reliance. Both relied increasingly heavily on import substitution policies and ended up with a highly capital intensive production structure. China changed course in 1979 while India continued (with modest liberalization) on the old course. In 1991, in many ways, India stood where China stood in 1979. China's in 1979. Import and The trade-to-GDP ratio was the same as controls were rampant and the investment domestic currency was overvalued. Despite these similarities, even in India's case, lessons from China are limited. In addition to the obvious differences in political systems which lead to very different political-economy processes in the two countries, there are three reasons for this. has been highly interventionist. been in China and elsewhere in First, the Chinese approach This approach can be successful–as it has East Asia–provided the government can – 12 implement â€Å"right† interventions judiciously. India's experience during the Second, India's last four decades in this respect has not been encouraging. conomy has already evolved far closer to a market economy than that of China. have For instance, export targets and foreign exchange contracts, which helped create a pro-exports ethos in China are neither arguably desirable nor feasible in India. greater role in India than in China. Similarly, private sector plays a far Finally, India has already carried out For example, in the a rea of many reforms that China is still contemplating. exchange rate, China has a multiple exchange rate system and its exchange market is not organized along the lines of market economies. India has chieved virtual current account convertibility and its foreign exchange market is organized along modern lines. Of the lessons that have general relevance to India, the following points would seem to be the most pertinent. o First, creating a liberal and flexible economic environment along the lines of SEZs in China would stimulate greater foreign investment. The country can begin with a small number of cities–e. g. , Bombay, Bangalore, Cochin, and Madras–and, as in China, local governments may be given full authority to approve foreign investment up to a certain limit. Most important, rules of entry and exit in the zones can be made more flexible. Because these zones will be introduced in limited areas with a high growth potential, political consensus may be easier, even if this requires new legislation. Eventual success in the open zones may open the way for Currently, India does have export political consensus on a wider scale. processing zones. But the geographical area over which such zones operate – 13 is far too limited to allow for the full play of liberal policies and make them focal points of investment activity. Second, provision of infrastructure facilities through active In participation of local authorities in the reform process is critical. the fast growing provinces in China, local authorities–especially mayors of the cities–have been deeply involved in the process of development. They try to ensure that investors get speedy clearance with respect to land use, supply of electricity, water and other facilities. In India, so far, it seems that the enthusiasm for reforms has not filtered to state governments and the center may well have to take a lead in this regard, offering both carrot and stick. All incentives and reforms at the central level can be rendered ineffective if the state and local authorities, which must provide land, power, communications facilities, and environmental clearance, do not cooperate. There is an urgent need to study caefully how such bottlenecks can be removed. o Third, there is a need for a shift in the production structure towards more labor intensive industries. The share of capital goods imports in total imports is rather small in India when compared with China and other fast-growing countries in East Asia. This, combined with the fact that India's import-to-GDP ratio is small, suggests that India is far more deeply into the production of capital goods than China and other comparator countries. In late 1970s and early 1980s, China also suffered from this problem and adopted policies to change the structure of production in favor of labor intensive goods. An important part of this strategy was targeting of a few – 14 sectors, especially for exports. this route. For India, it is perhaps unwise to follow Given the country's generally neutral and rules-based approach to reforms, it is perhaps best to rely on the standard trade policy tools, particularly the structure of tariffs. Recent reduction in tariffs on capital goods should help move the economy towards more labor intensive goods. What is needed is resistance to policies that reverse the impact of this policy change. In particular, there is need for labor-market reforms. The country will not be able to take advantage of low wages of skilled and unskilled labor unless potential investors are sure that they can operate factories around the year without fears of recurrent labor disputes. This fear has been behind the highly capital intensive technologies chosen by investors in recent years. Fourth, duty exemptions for assembly type operations combined with rapid processing of imported inputs and materials by customs authorities made a significant contribution to China's export growth. In India, duty exemptions for exporters exist but an improvement in their administration and simplification of procedures leading to speedy processing by customs will help boost exports. Also, for small exporters who rely on duty drawbacks, delay in getting the drawback as well as in obtaining inputs from abroad are common. An improvement in this direction is also desirable. Fifth, it is important to note that China was welcoming of foreign investment for both domestic and foreign markets. Most of the incentives– tax holidays, lower fees on land use, flexibility in the employment of labor etc. ,–were available to all foreign investors. ventures, some extra incentives were provided. For export-oriented joint The lesson here is that – 15 fears of tariff-jumping type of foreign investment should not lead to erection of barriers. Instead, if the regime is to be tilted in favor of export-oriented foreign investments, it should be done through positive incentives. Imposition of barriers to foreign investment will only add noise to signals of openness that India has been sending. A final point concerns the importance of a â€Å"Hong Kong† connection. In India's case, there are no geographic neighbors that are as economically dynamic as Hong Kong or Taiwan, Province of China. But through cultural ties, the most India can do is to attract investments from Indians in Hong Kong and Non Resident Indians (NRIs) elsewhere in the world. While this is obviously worth doing, India has to rely on a more diversified base of foreign investors. It may be argued that to meet the East Asian challenge, investors in the United States and Europe will be increasingly looking for sources of cheap labor. With its vast pool of cheap unskilled to middleMoreover, level skilled labor, India clearly fulfills this requirement. India's economic and political institutions are also familiar to western investors. What is needed is more open policies, transparency, and infrastructure. If this can be accomplished, India may well become the primary export base for the United States and European Community in the 21st century. Arvind Panagariya an Indian national, was a Principal Economist in the Bank's Trade Policy Division and is a Professor of Economics at the University of Maryland. He earned his PhD from Princeton. – 16 Direct foreign investment into China (billion dollars) Commitment 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 (first half) Cumulative, end 1991 5. 3 5. 6 6. 6 12. 0 14. 5 48. 9 Actual n. a. 3. 4 3. 5 4. 4 3. 4 20. 3 ——————————————————————- Sources: China Statistics Yearbook 1990, 1991, Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, China.